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Rabu, 01 Juli 2015

Conditional Tenses

Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened, and what we wish would happen. In English, most sentences using the conditional contain the word if. Many conditional forms in English are used in sentences that include verbs in one of the past tenses. This usage is referred to as "the unreal past" because we use a past tense but we are not actually referring to something that happened in the past. There are five main ways of constructing conditional sentences in English. In all cases, these sentences are made up of an if clause and a main clause. In many negative conditional sentences, there is an equivalent sentence construction using "unless" instead of "if".
Conditional sentence type Usage If clause verb tense Main clause verb tense
Zero General truths Simple present Simple present
Type 1 A possible condition and its probable result Simple present Simple future
Type 2 A hypothetical condition and its probable result Simple past Present conditional or Present continuous conditional
Type 3 An unreal past condition and its probable result in the past Past perfect Perfect conditional
Mixed type An unreal past condition and its probable result in the present Past perfect Present contditional

The zero conditional

The zero conditional is used for when the time being referred to is now or always and the situation is real and possible. The zero conditional is often used to refer to general truths. The tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present. In zero conditional sentences, the word "if" can usually be replaced by the word "when" without changing the meaning.
If clause Main clause
If + simple present simple present
If this thing happens that thing happens.
If you heat ice it melts.
If it rains the grass gets wet.

Type 1 conditional

The type 1 conditional is used to refer to the present or future where the situation is real. The type 1 conditional refers to a possible condition and its probable result. In these sentences the if clause is in the simple present, and the main clause is in the simple future.
If clause Main clause
If + simple present simple future
If this thing happens that thing will happen.
If you don't hurry you will miss the train.
If it rains today you will get wet.

Type 2 conditional

The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that is unreal. These sentences are not based on fact. The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a hypothetical condition and its probable result. In type 2 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the simple past, and the main clause uses the present conditional.
If clause Main clause
If + simple past present conditional or present continuous conditional
If this thing happened that thing would happen. (but I'm not sure this thing will happen) OR
that thing would be happening.
If you went to bed earlier you would not be so tired.
If it rained you would get wet.
If I spoke Italian I would be working in Italy.

Type 3 conditional

The type 3 conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The type 3 conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past result. In type 3 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the perfect conditional.
If clause Main clause
If + past perfect perfect conditional or perfect continuous conditional
If this thing had happened that thing would have happened. (but neither of those things really happened) OR
that thing would have been happening.
If you had studied harder you would have passed the exam.
If it had rained you would have gotten wet.
If I had accepted that promotion I would have been working in Milan.

Mixed type conditional

The mixed type conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is ongoing into the present. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The mixed type conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable result in the present. In mixed type conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the present conditional.
If clause Main clause
If + past perfect or simple past present conditional or perfect conditional
If this thing had happened that thing would happen. (but this thing didn't happen so that thing isn't happening)
If I had worked harder at school I would have a better job now.
If we had looked at the map we wouldn't be lost.
If you weren't afraid of spiders you would have picked it up and put it outside.

SOURCE :  http://www.edufind.com/english-grammar/conditional/
                    http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/conditional2.htm
                    http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/if.htm

Minggu, 12 April 2015

Adjective clause and Noun Clause



Definition Adjective Clause
An adjective clause—also called an adjectival or relative clause—will meet three requirements:
  • First, it will contain a subject and verb.
  • Next, it will begin with a relative pronoun [who, whom, whose, that, or which] or a relative adverb [when, where, or why].
  • Finally, it will function as an adjective, answering the questions What kind? How many? or Which one?
The adjective clause will follow one of these two patterns:
Relative Pronoun or Adverb + Subject + Verb
Relative Pronoun as Subject + Verb
Here are some examples:
Whose big, brown eyes pleaded for another cookie
Whose = relative pronoun; eyes = subject; pleaded = verb.
Why Fred cannot stand sitting across from his sister Melanie
Why = relative adverb; Fred = subject; can stand = verb [not, an adverb, is not officially part of the verb].
That bounced across the kitchen floor
That = relative pronoun functioning as subject; bounced = verb.
Who hiccupped for seven hours afterward
Who = relative pronoun functioning as subject; hiccupped = verb.





Definition Noun Clause
Many people are fairly comfortable with the idea of nouns, but they might not feel so confident when it comes to the idea of a noun clause. Noun clauses come in a variety of forms; and learning about each form is the best way to understand the concept of noun clauses.

Purpose of a Noun Clause

Noun clauses can be used in a number of ways, and they serve different purposes. First and foremost, please recognize that these clauses are dependent clauses. A dependent clause is one that cannot stand by itself. If a dependent clause is placed alone, it forms a fragment, not a sentence. An independent clause can act as a sentence by itself, but dependent clauses cannot. 


 SOURCE :


http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/nouns/noun-clause.html

Kamis, 19 Maret 2015

Phrasal Verbs



Definition and List of Phrasal Verbs and Their Meaning - Phrasal verb is a phrase that is a combination of verbs such standards go, make, and pick the one or several particle. Any particle that is used in phrasal verbs? Particle is in the phrasal verb is usually in the form of an adverb or preposition and can also be both.

Why must you learn phrasal verbs? This is because the phrasal verb is used in everyday conversations by native speakers. It is important for you to know as an enhancement in speaking English.

Some examples of phrasal verbs are: go away, pick up, stand by, take off, and call on and make up. If you want to see a list of phrasal verbs more information, please refer to the following table:
Examples of phrasal verbs in English and means
Phrasal Verbs
Means
ask around
Menanyakan hal yang sama pada setiap orang
add up to something
Memperkuat sebuah fakta
ask someone out
Mengajak seseorang untuk kencan
blow something up
Membesar-besarkan suatu hal
back someone up
Mendukung
blow up
Meledakkan
break down
Rusak,tidak berfungsi
break something down
Membelah, memisahkan, memecah
break into something
Menganggu, menerobos masuk
break up
Memutuskan hubungan
break out
Melarikan diri
break out
Menyebarkan
bring someone down
Mengecewakan seseorang, melemahkan
bring someone up
Membesarkan seorang anak
bring up
Mengemukakan, membicarakan
call around
Menghubungi beberapa orang/tempat
call someone back
Menelepon balik
call something off
Menggagalan, membatalkan
call someone up
Menelepon seseorang
calm down
Meredakan amarah
catch up
Mengejar pencapaian seseorang
check in
Masuk hotel/airport
check out
Keluar hotel
cheer up
Membuat seseorang bahagia
chip in
Membantu/menolong
clean something up
Merapikan tempat
come across something
Menemukan sesuatu dengan tidak sengaja
come apart
Berpisah, terjatuh, rusak
come down with something
Sakit
come forward
Mendukung, berinisiatif
come from somewhere
Berasal dari
count on someone/something
Mempercayakan seseorang, percaya pada seseorang
cross something out
Membuat garis melintasi sesuatu
cut back on something
Mengurangi konsumsi/penggunaan suatu hal
cut into
Mengganggu, menginterupsi
cut something off
Memotong sesuatu dengan benda tajam
cut something off
Memutuskan suatu hubungan
cut something out
Mengambil/menghapus bagian dari sesuaatu
do something over
Mengulang sebuah aktivitas
do away with something
Membuang sesuatu
dress up
Berdandan/mengenakan pakaian rapi
drop back
Mundur
drop in/by/over
Datang tanpa membuat janji
drop out
Dikeluarkan dari sekolah/universitas
eat out
Makan di luar (restoran)
end up
Memutuskan sesuatu
fall apart
Hancur berkeping-keping
fall down
Jatuh ke tanah
fall out
Memisahkan
figure something out
Memahami sesuatu
fill something in
Mengisi penuh
find out
Mencari
get something across/over
Berkomunikasi
get along/on
Menyukai satu sama lain
get away
Pergi berlibur
get away with something
Melakukan suatu kesalahan tanpa dihukum
get back
Kembali, pulang
get back at someone
Balas dendam
get on something
Melangkah masuk
get over something
Menyadari, menghadapi sesuatu
get together
Bertemu
get up
Bangun dari tempat tidur
give something away
Menyumbang, donor
give something back
Mengembalikan sesuatu
give in
Terpaksa berhenti berdebat
give up
Menyerah
go aftersomeone
Membuntuti seseorang
go after something
Mencoba meraih sesuatu
go against someone/something
Melawan
go ahead
Lanjutkan
go back
Mengembalikan sesuatu ke tempat semula
go out
Pergi keluar rumah
go out with someone
Berkencan
go over something
Menemui seseorang
go over
Mengecek/me-review sesuatu
grow apart
Mengakhiri pertemanan
grow up
Tumbuh, menjadi dewasa
grow out of something
Memperbesar(pakaian)
grow into something
Tumbuh
hand something down
Mewariskan
hand something out
Mendistribusikan sesuatu pada sekelompok orang
hand something over
Memberikan sesuatu
hang in
Bertahan
hang on
Menunggu sebentar
hang out
Nongkrong, pergi bersama teman
hang up
Mencegah/menahan seseorang melakukan sesuatu
hold someone/something back
Menahan emosi
hold something back
Mengakhriri telepon
hold on
Menunggu sebentar
keep on doing something
Melanjutkan aktivitas
keep something from someone
Merahasiakan sesuatu
keep someone/something out
Mencegah seseorang untuk masuk
keep something up
Melanjutkan pada taraf yang sama
let someone down
Mengecewakan seseorang
let someone in
Mengijinkan masuk
look after someone/something
Memperhatikan
look down on someone
Meremehkan seseorang
look for someone/something
Mencari sesuatu
look forward to something
Tertarik pada suatu hal
look into something
Menginvestigasi
look out
Berhati-hati
look out for someone/something
Sangat hati-hati
look something over
Mengecek/mempelajari
look up to someone
Menghormati seseorang
make something up
Berbohong akan suatu hal
make up
Saling memaafkan
make someone up
Mendandani dengan kosmetik
mix something up
Bingung
pass away
Meninggal
pass out
Hilang kesadaran
pay someone back
Membayar hutang
pay for something
Dihukum
pick something out
Memilih
Point someone/something out
Menunjuk sesuatu dengan jari
put something off
Menunda sesuatu
put something together
Mengumpulkan
put up with someone/something
Mentoleransi sesuatu
put something on
Mengenakan pakaian
run into someone/something
Bertemu seseorang dengan tidak sengaja
run over someone/something
Mengendarai kendaraan melintasi seseorang/sesuatu
run away
Kabur
run out
Kehabisan
send something back
Mengembalikan
set something up
Menyusun
set someone up
Menipu
show off
Pamer
sleep over
Menginap
sort something out
Menyusun sesuatu
stick to something
Tetap melakukan suatu hal yang sama
switch something off
Mematikan
switch something on
Menyalakan
take something back
Mengembalikan
take off
Lepas landas
take something off
Melepas sesuatu
take something out
Mengambil sesuatu
take someone out
Mengajak seseorang/mentraktir
tear something up
Merobek
think back
Mengingat-ingat
think something over
Mempertimbangkan
throw something away
Membuang sesuatu
turn something down
Mengecilkan volume
turn something down
Menolak
turn something off
Mematikan
turn something on
Menyalakan
try something out
Mencoba
usesomething up
Menggunakan
wake up
Bangun dari tidur
warm up
Pemanasan
wear off
Rusak
work out
Berlatih
work out
Mensukseskan suatu hal
In the example of phrasal verbs in the English language at the top you can change the word 'something' with the name of the object / place while the 'someone' with the name of a person or animal.

SOURCE :